Key Exchange The hard part of symmetric ciphers is: How do Alice and Bob share the secret key? Meet in person Diplomatic courier In general this is very hard. In the extreme, we have the One-Time Pad. It's a cipher with provable security (and that's very rare!) The problem is, the key is as long as the message, and you have to use a brand-new one for each message. So it's not really usable in practice (without diplomatic couriers, anyway) Or, we invent new technology...